Class va obyektlar

Class'lar ma'lumot va xatti-harakatni bitta qayta ishlatiladigan tuzilma ichida modellashtirishga yordam beradi.

OOP bo'yicha qisqa lug'at

Oddiy class va obyekt

class Employee:
    company = "PythonCompany"  # klass atributi

    def __init__(self, name, salary):
        self.name = name        # obyekt atributi
        self.salary = salary

    def display(self):
        print(f"Name: {self.name}, Salary: {self.salary}")

Obyekt yaratish:

emp1 = Employee("Zara", 2000)
emp2 = Employee("Manni", 5000)

emp1.display()
emp2.display()
print(Employee.company)

Instance attribute va class attribute farqi

• Instance attribute har bir obyektga tegishli (self.name).
• Class attribute esa barcha instance'lar uchun umumiy (company).

Metod turlari

class Example:
    total = 0

    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
        Example.total += 1

    def instance_method(self):
        return self.value

    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        return cls.total

    @staticmethod
    def static_method(a, b):
        return a + b

Inheritance (meros olish)

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def greet(self):
        print(f"Hello, I am {self.name}")


class Developer(Person):
    def __init__(self, name, language):
        super().__init__(name)
        self.language = language

    def greet(self):
        print(f"Hello, I am {self.name} and I code in {self.language}")

Encapsulation (convention)

Python qat'iy private atributlarni majburan tekshirmaydi, lekin odat (convention) ishlatiladi:

• _name -> ichki foydalanish (internal)
• __name -> name-mangled atribut

Data saqlashga yo'naltirilgan class'lar uchun @dataclass

from dataclasses import dataclass


@dataclass
class Product:
    name: str
    price: float

@dataclass asosan data saqlaydigan class'larda ortiqcha takroriy kodni kamaytiradi.

Operator overloading

Maxsus (dunder) metodlar orqali operatorlar obyektlaringiz bilan qanday ishlashini belgilash mumkin:

class Vector:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __add__(self, other):
        return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"


v1 = Vector(1, 2)
v2 = Vector(3, 4)
print(v1 + v2)  # Vector(4, 6)

To'liq ishlaydigan misol

class Employee:
    emp_count = 0

    def __init__(self, name: str, salary: float):
        self.name = name
        self.salary = salary
        Employee.emp_count += 1

    def display(self):
        print(f"Name: {self.name}, Salary: {self.salary}")

    @classmethod
    def total(cls):
        return cls.emp_count


emp1 = Employee("Zara", 2000)
emp2 = Employee("Manni", 5000)

emp1.display()
emp2.display()
print(f"Total employees: {Employee.total()}")