Operators

Operators are constructs that can manipulate the values of operands.

For example the operation 3 + 2 = 5. Here 3 and 2 are operands and + is the operator.

The Python programming language supports various kinds of operators, including:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison (Relational) Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Membership Operators
• Identity Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Addition (+)

print(13 + 2)
apple = 7
orange = 9
fruit = apple + orange
print(fruit)

Subtraction (-)

debt = 10000
pay = 5000
remaining_debt = debt - pay
print("Remaining debt:", remaining_debt)

Multiplication (*)

length = 15
width = 8
area = length * width
print("Area:", area)

Division (/)

cake = 16
children = 4
cake_per_child = cake / children
print("Each child gets:", cake_per_child)

Modulus (%)

print(14 % 5)
print(10 % 3)
print(20 % 4)

Exponent (**)

print(8 ** 2)
print(2 ** 10)
print(5 ** 3)

Floor Division (//)

print(10 // 3)
print(7 // 2)
print(-10 // 3)

Comparison (Relational) Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare a value from each operand.

Below is an example of using Comparison Operators in Python programming language

# Equal to
print(1 == 1)  # True
print(1 == 2)  # False

# Not equal to
print(2 != 2)  # False
print(2 != 3)  # True

# Greater than
print(5 > 3)   # True

# Less than
print(5 < 3)   # False

# Greater than or equal to
print(5 >= 3)  # True

# Less than or equal to
print(5 <= 3)  # False

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to give or modify values into a variable.

x = 10
print("x =", x)

x += 5
print("x += 5 ->", x)

x -= 3
print("x -= 3 ->", x)

x *= 2
print("x *= 2 ->", x)

x //= 4
print("x //= 4 ->", x)

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

print(True and False)
print(True or False)
print(not True)

x = 10
print(x > 5 and x < 20)
print(x > 5 or x > 20)
print(not(x > 5 and x < 20))

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to perform operations on individual bits of integer values.

a = 10  # 1010 in binary
b = 4   # 0100 in binary

print(a & b)    # 0 (AND)
print(a | b)    # 14 (OR)
print(a ^ b)    # 14 (XOR)
print(~a)       # -11 (NOT)
print(a << 2)   # 40 (left shift)
print(a >> 2)   # 2 (right shift)

Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to test if a value is found in a sequence (such as a string, list, or tuple).

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print("banana" in fruits)
print("mango" in fruits)
print("mango" not in fruits)

Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare whether two variables refer to the same object in memory, not just the same value.

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
c = [1, 2, 3]

print(a is b)
print(a is c)
print(a == c)
print(a is not c)

Operator Execution Priority in Python

Of all the operators above, each has a priority order where the first priority will be done first, and so on until the last priority.